A Review of Factors to Consider for Permanent Cordon Establishment and Maintenance

Decisions made during the establishment and reworking of permanent cordon arms may have long-term consequences on vineyard health longevity. This review aims to summarise several important considerations that must be taken into account maintenance. Commonly practiced training techniques such as wrapping developing tightly around wire result in a constriction vascular system, becoming worse over time disrupting normal flow water nutrients. Studies shown other factors decline onset diseases influenced by pre-existing stress conditions. Such conditions could further exacerbated heat events, an consideration these scenarios become more common under influence climate change. Vineyard sustainability improved adopting which promote vitality avoid reduction vine defence response costly, premature vines.